Structure of the Judiciary

The Supreme Court, governed by the Constitution, holds significant powers within defined limitations. Its jurisdiction encompasses three main areas:

1. Original Jurisdiction:

The Supreme Court has the exclusive authority to adjudicate on cases involving federal relations. This includes disputes between the Union and the States, as well as inter-state conflicts. It acts as the ultimate arbiter in resolving such matters, interpreting constitutional provisions regarding the powers of the Union and State governments.

2. Writ Jurisdiction:

Individuals whose fundamental rights have been violated can directly petition the Supreme Court for remedy through writs. These writs enable the Court to issue special orders to the executive, instructing them on specific actions to take or refrain from.

3. Appellate Jurisdiction:

As the highest court of appeal, the Supreme Court entertains appeals against decisions of the High Courts. However, for an appeal to be admitted, the High Court must certify that the case involves significant legal or constitutional interpretation. Additionally, the Supreme Court holds the power to review lower court decisions, offering new interpretations where warranted.

4. Advisory Jurisdiction:

Beyond its original and appellate roles, the Supreme Court also possesses advisory jurisdiction. The President can seek the Court’s advice on matters of public importance or constitutional interpretation. Although non-binding, such advice serves as legal opinion, guiding governmental actions and potential legislative amendments.

The judicial system in India is structured in a pyramidal manner, with the Supreme Court positioned at the apex, followed by the High Courts, and further down, the district and subordinate courts.

Let’s delve into each level of judiciary and their respective jurisdictions!