SECTION- C

19.How had the First World War’ created economic problems in India? Explain with examples. (5)

The Economic Impact of the First World War on India:

The First World War had significant economic repercussions in India, affecting various sectors of the economy. Here are some key ways in which the war created economic problems in India:

1. Disruption of Trade: The war disrupted international trade, causing a decline in India’s export market. Traditional exports like cotton and jute faced reduced demand due to disruptions in European industries. This affected Indian farmers and manufacturers.
2. Inflation: The war led to inflationary pressures in India. The increased government spending on war efforts, coupled with disruptions in global supply chains, caused rising prices of essential goods. This inflation eroded the purchasing power of the Indian population, especially the lower-income groups.
3. Recruitment and Loss of Labor: India provided a significant number of soldiers for the British Empire’s war effort. This recruitment led to a shortage of labor in various sectors, including agriculture and industries, impacting productivity and economic activities.
4. Increase in Taxation: The British government in India imposed higher taxes to finance the war. This placed an additional burden on the Indian population, particularly on the rural and agricultural communities.
5. Impact on Industries: Some Indian industries, such as those producing war-related materials like jute bags and textiles, benefited from increased demand during the war. However, after the war, the decline in demand for these products resulted in economic challenges.

OR

How had a variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India during the 19th century? Explain with examples.

During the 19th century, India witnessed a variety of cultural processes that contributed to the development of a sense of collective belongingness among its diverse population. These processes helped bridge regional, linguistic, and religious differences, fostering a shared sense of identity. Here are some key factors and examples:

1. Language and Literature:
   • Language Reform Movements: Efforts to promote regional languages and literature played a pivotal role. Figures like Raja Ram Mohan Roy advocated for the preservation and promotion of Indian languages.
   • Bengali Renaissance: In Bengal, the literary and cultural renaissance led by figures like Rabindranath Tagore promoted Bengali language and culture. Tagore’s works, such as “Gitanjali,” resonated with people across India, transcending regional boundaries.
2. Religious Reform Movements:
   • Arya Samaj: Swami Dayananda Saraswati’s Arya Samaj sought to reform Hinduism, emphasizing Vedic principles and opposing idol worship. This movement influenced Hindus across India, fostering a sense of religious unity.
   • Brahmo Samaj: Led by figures like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Debendranath Tagore, the Brahmo Samaj promoted monotheism and rationalism. It attracted followers from various religious backgrounds, emphasizing the universality of ethical values.
3. Nationalistic Literature:
   • Novels and Essays: Prominent Indian writers like Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Dadabhai Naoroji wrote novels and essays that highlighted the common struggle against colonialism. Chattopadhyay’s “Anandamath” and Naoroji’s “Poverty and Un-British Rule in India” stirred nationalist sentiments.
4. Cultural Revival:
   • Art and Music: The promotion of classical Indian art forms, such as classical music and dance, showcased the rich cultural heritage shared by Indians across regions. Musicians like Ravi Shankar and dancers like Rukmini Devi Arundale played key roles.
   • Traditional Festivals: Celebrations of festivals like Diwali, Eid, and Durga Puja brought people of different communities together, fostering a sense of unity in diversity.
5. Political Movements:
   • Indian National Congress (INC): Established in 1885, the INC became a platform for Indians of diverse backgrounds to come together and demand political rights and self-governance.
   • Partition of Bengal (1905): The protests against the partition of Bengal in 1905 united people from various communities, religions, and regions, leading to its reversal in 1911.

20.Describe the role of technology’ in transformation of the world in the nineteenth century.

The nineteenth century witnessed significant technological advancements that transformed various aspects of the world. Here are key roles played by technology during that era:

1. Industrial Revolution: The introduction of steam engines, mechanization of textile production, and innovations in transportation (such as the steam locomotive and the steamship) marked the Industrial Revolution. These technologies revolutionized manufacturing and transportation, leading to the growth of industries and urbanization.
2. Communication Revolution: The invention of the telegraph and the development of the Morse code revolutionized long-distance communication. People could send messages rapidly over great distances, facilitating business, diplomacy, and news dissemination.
3. Medical Advancements: Nineteenth-century medical technology, including the development of anesthesia and improved surgical techniques, transformed healthcare. This led to more successful surgeries and better patient outcomes.
4. Agricultural Innovation: Technological advancements in agriculture, such as the steel plow, mechanical reaper, and seed drill, increased agricultural productivity and helped feed growing populations.
5. Transportation Revolution: The expansion of railways and the construction of canals and roads improved transportation networks. This facilitated the movement of goods and people, boosting trade and economic growth.

OR

Describe the life of workers during the nineteenth century in England.

The life of workers in nineteenth-century England was characterized by a combination of significant challenges and gradual improvements. Here are some key aspects of their lives:

1. Harsh Working Conditions: Workers, especially those in factories and mines, faced grueling working conditions. Long working hours, often exceeding 12 hours a day, were common. Many workers, including children, toiled in dangerous environments with little safety regulation.
2. Low Wages: Wages were generally low, and many workers struggled to make ends meet. Poverty was widespread, and families often had to send their children to work to supplement their income.
3. Child Labor: Child labor was rampant in various industries. Children as young as six or seven were employed in factories and mines, where they endured harsh conditions and limited access to education.
4. Lack of Rights: Workers had few legal rights or protections. Strikes and protests for better working conditions were met with resistance from employers and often led to job loss and harsh consequences.
5. Housing and Sanitation: Housing for workers in industrial towns and cities was often overcrowded and unsanitary. Workers lived in cramped and poorly ventilated conditions, contributing to the spread of diseases.

OR

Describe various steps taken to clean up London in the nineteenth century.

During the nineteenth century, London faced significant challenges related to sanitation and public health due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. Several steps were taken to address these issues and improve the city’s cleanliness:

1. The Metropolitan Board of Works: Established in 1855, this administrative body was responsible for improving London’s infrastructure, including sanitation. It oversaw the construction of sewage systems, road improvements, and the regulation of public health.
2. Joseph Bazalgette’s Sewage System: In response to the Great Stink of 1858, Joseph Bazalgette designed and implemented a comprehensive sewage system. This system, including an extensive network of sewers and the Thames Embankment, helped divert sewage away from the Thames River and reduced the spread of diseases like cholera.
3. Public Health Act of 1875: This legislation empowered local authorities to address public health issues. It led to the improvement of housing conditions, sanitation, and waste disposal in London and other urban areas.
4. Urban Planning: The development of parks and green spaces within the city, such as Hyde Park and Regent’s Park, aimed to provide residents with healthier environments and recreational opportunities.
5. Improved Housing Regulations: Housing regulations were introduced to ensure that new housing developments met minimum standards of sanitation and ventilation, reducing overcrowding and improving living conditions.

21. Name the two major beverage crops grown in India. Describe their growing areas.

India is known for the cultivation of various crops, including beverage crops. Two major beverage crops grown in India are tea and coffee. Here’s an overview of their growing areas:

Tea:

• Growing Regions: India is one of the world’s largest producers of tea, with tea estates located in several regions across the country.
• Assam: Assam, in northeastern India, is famous for its strong and robust Assam tea. The Brahmaputra Valley is the primary tea-producing region in Assam.
• Darjeeling: Located in the state of West Bengal, Darjeeling is renowned for its premium Darjeeling tea, known for its unique flavor and aroma. The high-altitude tea gardens in Darjeeling produce this coveted tea.
• Nilgiris: The Nilgiri Hills in southern India, particularly in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, are known for Nilgiri tea. It is valued for its mild and fragrant characteristics.
• Kangra: In the Kangra Valley of Himachal Pradesh, tea is grown at higher altitudes. Kangra tea is known for its distinct flavor.
• Dooars and Terai: These regions in West Bengal and Assam are also known for tea cultivation.

Coffee:

• Growing Regions: Coffee is primarily grown in the southern states of India, with Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu being the major coffee-producing regions.
• Arabica Coffee: The Western Ghats, particularly in Coorg (Kodagu) in Karnataka, is known for producing high-quality Arabica coffee. The region’s cool climate and elevation are ideal for Arabica cultivation.
• Robusta Coffee: Robusta coffee is grown in the hilly regions of Wayanad in Kerala and parts of Tamil Nadu. Robusta coffee is known for its strong and bold flavor.
• Chikmagalur: This region in Karnataka is also famous for both Arabica and Robusta coffee cultivation.

These beverage crops are not only important for the Indian economy but also for global exports. The unique flavors and qualities of Indian tea and coffee contribute to their popularity worldwide.

22 How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Explain various ways.

Industrial pollution of fresh water bodies can have detrimental effects on the environment and public health. To reduce industrial pollution, several strategies and practices can be employed:

1. Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs): Industries should install ETPs to treat wastewater before it is discharged into water bodies. ETPs use physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove pollutants, ensuring that the water released is cleaner.
2. Recycling and Reuse: Industries can implement recycling and reuse practices to minimize water consumption and reduce the discharge of polluted water. Treated wastewater can be reused for non-potable purposes within the industry.
3. Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD): ZLD systems aim to recover and reuse all water from industrial processes, leaving no liquid waste to be discharged. This approach minimizes the environmental impact of industrial activities.
4. Pollution Control Regulations: Governments can enforce strict pollution control regulations and standards for industries, setting limits on the release of pollutants into water bodies. Regular monitoring and penalties for non-compliance can deter pollution.
5. Green Technologies: Adoption of eco-friendly and green technologies can reduce the generation of hazardous pollutants. For example, industries can switch to cleaner energy sources and use closed-loop systems to minimize contamination.

23.”Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities.” Justify the statement.

While democracy is often associated with principles of equality and social justice, it is true that democracies, in practice, have not been very successful in reducing economic inequalities. Several reasons justify this statement:

1. Influence of Wealth: In democratic systems, individuals and groups with significant wealth and resources often have a disproportionate influence on politics. They can fund political campaigns, lobby for policies that benefit their interests, and exert influence over decision-making. This influence can perpetuate economic inequalities as policies may favor the wealthy.
2. Lack of Effective Redistribution: While democracies may have welfare programs and progressive taxation systems, the effectiveness of these measures in reducing economic inequality varies. Often, political resistance and the influence of powerful interest groups can hinder the implementation of more robust redistribution policies.
3. Inequality in Access to Education: Economic inequality often begins with unequal access to quality education. In many democracies, access to education is unequal, and this perpetuates disparities in income and opportunities. Despite democratic principles, education systems may not always address these inequalities effectively.
4. Globalization and Market Forces: In today’s globalized world, market forces can exacerbate economic inequalities. Democracies may find it challenging to control the impact of globalization, leading to wage disparities, job insecurity, and wealth concentration.
5. Political Polarization: In some democracies, political polarization can hinder the consensus needed for effective policies to address economic inequality. Divisive political environments may prioritize ideological differences over efforts to reduce disparities.

OR

“Democracy is a better form of government than any other form of government.” Justify the statement.

Democracy, as a form of government, has several inherent strengths and advantages that make it a superior choice when compared to other forms of government. Here are five key justifications for the statement:

1. Protection of Individual Rights: Democracy places a strong emphasis on protecting individual rights and freedoms. In democratic systems, citizens enjoy fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and the right to a fair trial. These rights are enshrined in constitutions and are upheld through the rule of law and independent judiciaries. As a result, citizens are shielded from arbitrary and oppressive rule.
2. Popular Sovereignty: Democracy is built on the principle of popular sovereignty, where the ultimate authority rests with the people. Through regular, free, and fair elections, citizens have the power to choose their leaders and representatives. This ensures that the government is accountable to the people and derives its legitimacy from their consent.
3. Accountability and Transparency: Democratic governments are transparent and accountable to the public. Elected representatives are answerable for their actions and decisions to the electorate. This accountability helps prevent abuse of power, corruption, and arbitrary rule. Additionally, democratic institutions, such as legislatures and the media, play a crucial role in scrutinizing government actions.
4. Peaceful Conflict Resolution: Democracies offer a peaceful means of resolving political conflicts and disputes. Through elections and the rule of law, competing interests and ideologies can be reconciled without resorting to violence. This stability contributes to social cohesion and prevents civil unrest.
5. Inclusivity and Diversity: Democracy accommodates diverse perspectives and interests within society. It allows for the participation of different social, ethnic, religious, and ideological groups. This inclusivity fosters a sense of belonging and social cohesion, reducing the likelihood of discrimination and exclusion.

24.What is a political party? Explain any four characteristics of a political party.

A political party is an organized group of individuals who share common political goals and ideologies and work collectively to contest elections, form governments, and influence public policy. Here are four characteristics of political parties:

1. Organized Structure: Political parties have a well-defined organizational structure with leaders, members, and various levels of hierarchy. They have formal systems for decision-making, party governance, and candidate selection. This structured setup enables them to operate effectively in the political arena.
2. Ideological Orientation: Parties are guided by specific political ideologies or platforms that outline their core beliefs, values, and policy positions. These ideologies often serve as a basis for attracting like-minded voters and members. For example, a party may have a liberal, conservative, socialist, or nationalist ideology.
3. Contest Elections: One of the primary functions of political parties is to contest elections at various levels of government, from local to national. They field candidates who represent the party’s interests and policies in electoral campaigns. Winning elections allows parties to gain political power and influence.
4. Policy Formulation: Political parties develop and promote policy proposals and agendas. These policies reflect the party’s vision for governance and are designed to address social, economic, and political issues. Parties seek to gain public support based on their policy platforms. For instance, a party may advocate for healthcare reform, environmental protection, or economic deregulation.
5. Political Mobilization: Parties engage in political mobilization to garner support from the electorate. They organize rallies, campaigns, and outreach activities to connect with voters, solicit donations, and build electoral momentum. Effective mobilization is essential for winning elections.

25. Compare the economic activities of the private sector with that of the public sector.

The CBSE Class 10 Social Science Previous Year Question Paper for 2019 provides valuable practice material for students preparing for their board exams. This document includes a set of questions covering various topics in social science, allowing students to assess their knowledge and test-taking skills. The solutions provided offer guidance and explanations to help students understand the correct answers and improve their performance. This resource serves as a useful tool for self-assessment and exam preparation.