Normality
Normality is a measure of concentration equivalent to the number of equivalents per liter of solution. It is often used for reactions that involve acid-base neutralization, precipitation reactions, or redox reactions, and it takes into account the stoichiometry of the reaction.
Normality (N) = Equivalents of solute / Volume of solution in liters
For example, for an acid-base reaction, normality can be calculated using:
Normality = Molarity × Basicity or Acidity of the compound
Where basicity or acidity is the number of hydrogen ions (H⁺) or hydroxide ions (OH⁻) that can be released per molecule of the compound.
Formality
Formality is similar to molarity in that it measures the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. However, formality is used when the solute undergoes a reaction or dissociation in solution. Formality measures the concentration based on the initial composition of the solution, not the final dissolved state.
Formality (F) = Moles of solute / Volume of solution in liters
Concentration of a Solution
Concentration of Solution is a measure of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in the given amount of solvent. In simple words, it means determining how much of one substance is mixed with another substance. As Concentration is a frequently used term in chemistry and other relevant fields, although it is most commonly used in the context of solutions, where it refers to the quantity of solute dissolved in a solvent. Concentration can be expressed in both qualitative or quantitative (numerically) terms.
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