Linguistic Composition
India boasts remarkable linguistic diversity. According to Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India (1903-1928), the country had 179 languages and a staggering 544 dialects. However, the linguistic landscape has evolved over time, resulting in the recognition of 22 scheduled languages alongside numerous non-scheduled ones.
Linguistic Classification
The speakers of major Indian languages can be classified into four language families, each with its sub-families and branches or groups:
- Austric (Nishada – 1.38%)
- Dravidian (Dravida – 20%)
- Sino-Tibetan (Kirata – 0.85%)
- Indo-European (Aryan – 73%)
Religious Composition
- Hindus: Hindus are distributed across all states except those along the Indo-Pak border, Jammu and Kashmir, and the Northeastern states.
- Muslims: Muslims are concentrated in Jammu and Kashmir, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi.
- Christians: The Christian population is concentrated along the western coast and in the Northeastern states.
- Sikhs: Sikhs are concentrated in Northwest India.
- Jains and Buddhists: Jains and Buddhists are concentrated in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.
- Tribes: Tribal populations are located mainly in the Northeastern states.
- Religious Composition: Hindus make up 80.5%, Muslims 13.55%, Christians 2.3%, Sikhs 1.9%, Buddhists 0.95%, Jains 0.45%, and others 0.6% of the total population.
- Composition of Working Population: The working population is divided into main workers (who work more than 183 days) and marginal workers (who work less than 183 days). About 39% of the population are workers, while 61% are non-workers, indicating a large percentage of the dependent population and a significant number of unemployed individuals.
- Working Population Distribution: In Goa, 25% of the population is part of the working population, while in Mizoram, it’s 53%, indicating variations in employment rates across states.
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