Handling Disconnected Graphs in the Algorithm
The above algorithm and program might not work if the given graph is disconnected. It works when all vertices are reachable from source vertex 0.
To handle disconnected graphs, we can repeat the above algorithm for vertices having distance = INFINITY, or simply for the vertices that are not visited.
Below is the implementation of the above approach:
// A C++ program for Bellman-Ford's single source
// shortest path algorithm.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
// a structure to represent a weighted edge in graph
struct Edge {
int src, dest, weight;
};
// a structure to represent a connected, directed and
// weighted graph
struct Graph {
// V-> Number of vertices, E-> Number of edges
int V, E;
// graph is represented as an array of edges.
struct Edge* edge;
};
// Creates a graph with V vertices and E edges
struct Graph* createGraph(int V, int E)
{
struct Graph* graph = new Graph;
graph->V = V;
graph->E = E;
graph->edge = new Edge[E];
return graph;
}
// A utility function used to print the solution
void printArr(int dist[], int n)
{
printf("Vertex Distance from Source\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
printf("%d \t\t %d\n", i, dist[i]);
}
// The main function that finds shortest distances from src
// to all other vertices using Bellman-Ford algorithm. The
// function also detects negative weight cycle
void BellmanFord(struct Graph* graph, int src)
{
int V = graph->V;
int E = graph->E;
int dist[V];
// Step 1: Initialize distances from src to all other
// vertices as INFINITE
for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
dist[i] = INT_MAX;
dist[src] = 0;
// Step 2: Relax all edges |V| - 1 times. A simple
// shortest path from src to any other vertex can have
// at-most |V| - 1 edges
for (int i = 1; i <= V - 1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < E; j++) {
int u = graph->edge[j].src;
int v = graph->edge[j].dest;
int weight = graph->edge[j].weight;
if (dist[u] != INT_MAX
&& dist[u] + weight < dist[v])
dist[v] = dist[u] + weight;
}
}
// Step 3: check for negative-weight cycles. The above
// step guarantees shortest distances if graph doesn't
// contain negative weight cycle. If we get a shorter
// path, then there is a cycle.
for (int i = 0; i < E; i++) {
int u = graph->edge[i].src;
int v = graph->edge[i].dest;
int weight = graph->edge[i].weight;
if (dist[u] != INT_MAX
&& dist[u] + weight < dist[v]) {
printf("Graph contains negative weight cycle");
return; // If negative cycle is detected, simply
// return
}
}
printArr(dist, V);
return;
}
// Driver's code
int main()
{
/* Let us create the graph given in above example */
int V = 5; // Number of vertices in graph
int E = 8; // Number of edges in graph
struct Graph* graph = createGraph(V, E);
// add edge 0-1 (or A-B in above figure)
graph->edge[0].src = 0;
graph->edge[0].dest = 1;
graph->edge[0].weight = -1;
// add edge 0-2 (or A-C in above figure)
graph->edge[1].src = 0;
graph->edge[1].dest = 2;
graph->edge[1].weight = 4;
// add edge 1-2 (or B-C in above figure)
graph->edge[2].src = 1;
graph->edge[2].dest = 2;
graph->edge[2].weight = 3;
// add edge 1-3 (or B-D in above figure)
graph->edge[3].src = 1;
graph->edge[3].dest = 3;
graph->edge[3].weight = 2;
// add edge 1-4 (or B-E in above figure)
graph->edge[4].src = 1;
graph->edge[4].dest = 4;
graph->edge[4].weight = 2;
// add edge 3-2 (or D-C in above figure)
graph->edge[5].src = 3;
graph->edge[5].dest = 2;
graph->edge[5].weight = 5;
// add edge 3-1 (or D-B in above figure)
graph->edge[6].src = 3;
graph->edge[6].dest = 1;
graph->edge[6].weight = 1;
// add edge 4-3 (or E-D in above figure)
graph->edge[7].src = 4;
graph->edge[7].dest = 3;
graph->edge[7].weight = -3;
// Function call
BellmanFord(graph, 0);
return 0;
}
// A Java program for Bellman-Ford's single source shortest
// path algorithm.
import java.io.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.util.*;
// A class to represent a connected, directed and weighted
// graph
class Graph {
// A class to represent a weighted edge in graph
class Edge {
int src, dest, weight;
Edge() { src = dest = weight = 0; }
};
int V, E;
Edge edge[];
// Creates a graph with V vertices and E edges
Graph(int v, int e)
{
V = v;
E = e;
edge = new Edge[e];
for (int i = 0; i < e; ++i)
edge[i] = new Edge();
}
// The main function that finds shortest distances from
// src to all other vertices using Bellman-Ford
// algorithm. The function also detects negative weight
// cycle
void BellmanFord(Graph graph, int src)
{
int V = graph.V, E = graph.E;
int dist[] = new int[V];
// Step 1: Initialize distances from src to all
// other vertices as INFINITE
for (int i = 0; i < V; ++i)
dist[i] = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
dist[src] = 0;
// Step 2: Relax all edges |V| - 1 times. A simple
// shortest path from src to any other vertex can
// have at-most |V| - 1 edges
for (int i = 1; i < V; ++i) {
for (int j = 0; j < E; ++j) {
int u = graph.edge[j].src;
int v = graph.edge[j].dest;
int weight = graph.edge[j].weight;
if (dist[u] != Integer.MAX_VALUE
&& dist[u] + weight < dist[v])
dist[v] = dist[u] + weight;
}
}
// Step 3: check for negative-weight cycles. The
// above step guarantees shortest distances if graph
// doesn't contain negative weight cycle. If we get
// a shorter path, then there is a cycle.
for (int j = 0; j < E; ++j) {
int u = graph.edge[j].src;
int v = graph.edge[j].dest;
int weight = graph.edge[j].weight;
if (dist[u] != Integer.MAX_VALUE
&& dist[u] + weight < dist[v]) {
System.out.println(
"Graph contains negative weight cycle");
return;
}
}
printArr(dist, V);
}
// A utility function used to print the solution
void printArr(int dist[], int V)
{
System.out.println("Vertex Distance from Source");
for (int i = 0; i < V; ++i)
System.out.println(i + "\t\t" + dist[i]);
}
// Driver's code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int V = 5; // Number of vertices in graph
int E = 8; // Number of edges in graph
Graph graph = new Graph(V, E);
// add edge 0-1 (or A-B in above figure)
graph.edge[0].src = 0;
graph.edge[0].dest = 1;
graph.edge[0].weight = -1;
// add edge 0-2 (or A-C in above figure)
graph.edge[1].src = 0;
graph.edge[1].dest = 2;
graph.edge[1].weight = 4;
// add edge 1-2 (or B-C in above figure)
graph.edge[2].src = 1;
graph.edge[2].dest = 2;
graph.edge[2].weight = 3;
// add edge 1-3 (or B-D in above figure)
graph.edge[3].src = 1;
graph.edge[3].dest = 3;
graph.edge[3].weight = 2;
// add edge 1-4 (or B-E in above figure)
graph.edge[4].src = 1;
graph.edge[4].dest = 4;
graph.edge[4].weight = 2;
// add edge 3-2 (or D-C in above figure)
graph.edge[5].src = 3;
graph.edge[5].dest = 2;
graph.edge[5].weight = 5;
// add edge 3-1 (or D-B in above figure)
graph.edge[6].src = 3;
graph.edge[6].dest = 1;
graph.edge[6].weight = 1;
// add edge 4-3 (or E-D in above figure)
graph.edge[7].src = 4;
graph.edge[7].dest = 3;
graph.edge[7].weight = -3;
// Function call
graph.BellmanFord(graph, 0);
}
}
// Contributed by Aakash Hasija
# Python3 program for Bellman-Ford's single source
# shortest path algorithm.
# Class to represent a graph
class Graph:
def __init__(self, vertices):
self.V = vertices # No. of vertices
self.graph = []
# function to add an edge to graph
def addEdge(self, u, v, w):
self.graph.append([u, v, w])
# utility function used to print the solution
def printArr(self, dist):
print("Vertex Distance from Source")
for i in range(self.V):
print("{0}\t\t{1}".format(i, dist[i]))
# The main function that finds shortest distances from src to
# all other vertices using Bellman-Ford algorithm. The function
# also detects negative weight cycle
def BellmanFord(self, src):
# Step 1: Initialize distances from src to all other vertices
# as INFINITE
dist = [float("Inf")] * self.V
dist[src] = 0
# Step 2: Relax all edges |V| - 1 times. A simple shortest
# path from src to any other vertex can have at-most |V| - 1
# edges
for _ in range(self.V - 1):
# Update dist value and parent index of the adjacent vertices of
# the picked vertex. Consider only those vertices which are still in
# queue
for u, v, w in self.graph:
if dist[u] != float("Inf") and dist[u] + w < dist[v]:
dist[v] = dist[u] + w
# Step 3: check for negative-weight cycles. The above step
# guarantees shortest distances if graph doesn't contain
# negative weight cycle. If we get a shorter path, then there
# is a cycle.
for u, v, w in self.graph:
if dist[u] != float("Inf") and dist[u] + w < dist[v]:
print("Graph contains negative weight cycle")
return
# print all distance
self.printArr(dist)
# Driver's code
if __name__ == '__main__':
g = Graph(5)
g.addEdge(0, 1, -1)
g.addEdge(0, 2, 4)
g.addEdge(1, 2, 3)
g.addEdge(1, 3, 2)
g.addEdge(1, 4, 2)
g.addEdge(3, 2, 5)
g.addEdge(3, 1, 1)
g.addEdge(4, 3, -3)
# function call
g.BellmanFord(0)
# Initially, Contributed by Neelam Yadav
# Later On, Edited by Himanshu Garg
// C# program for Bellman-Ford's single source shortest
// path algorithm.
using System;
// A class to represent a connected, directed and weighted
// graph
class Graph {
// A class to represent a weighted edge in graph
class Edge {
public int src, dest, weight;
public Edge() { src = dest = weight = 0; }
};
int V, E;
Edge[] edge;
// Creates a graph with V vertices and E edges
Graph(int v, int e)
{
V = v;
E = e;
edge = new Edge[e];
for (int i = 0; i < e; ++i)
edge[i] = new Edge();
}
// The main function that finds shortest distances from
// src to all other vertices using Bellman-Ford
// algorithm. The function also detects negative weight
// cycle
void BellmanFord(Graph graph, int src)
{
int V = graph.V, E = graph.E;
int[] dist = new int[V];
// Step 1: Initialize distances from src to all
// other vertices as INFINITE
for (int i = 0; i < V; ++i)
dist[i] = int.MaxValue;
dist[src] = 0;
// Step 2: Relax all edges |V| - 1 times. A simple
// shortest path from src to any other vertex can
// have at-most |V| - 1 edges
for (int i = 1; i < V; ++i) {
for (int j = 0; j < E; ++j) {
int u = graph.edge[j].src;
int v = graph.edge[j].dest;
int weight = graph.edge[j].weight;
if (dist[u] != int.MaxValue
&& dist[u] + weight < dist[v])
dist[v] = dist[u] + weight;
}
}
// Step 3: check for negative-weight cycles. The
// above step guarantees shortest distances if graph
// doesn't contain negative weight cycle. If we get
// a shorter path, then there is a cycle.
for (int j = 0; j < E; ++j) {
int u = graph.edge[j].src;
int v = graph.edge[j].dest;
int weight = graph.edge[j].weight;
if (dist[u] != int.MaxValue
&& dist[u] + weight < dist[v]) {
Console.WriteLine(
"Graph contains negative weight cycle");
return;
}
}
printArr(dist, V);
}
// A utility function used to print the solution
void printArr(int[] dist, int V)
{
Console.WriteLine("Vertex Distance from Source");
for (int i = 0; i < V; ++i)
Console.WriteLine(i + "\t\t" + dist[i]);
}
// Driver's code
public static void Main()
{
int V = 5; // Number of vertices in graph
int E = 8; // Number of edges in graph
Graph graph = new Graph(V, E);
// add edge 0-1 (or A-B in above figure)
graph.edge[0].src = 0;
graph.edge[0].dest = 1;
graph.edge[0].weight = -1;
// add edge 0-2 (or A-C in above figure)
graph.edge[1].src = 0;
graph.edge[1].dest = 2;
graph.edge[1].weight = 4;
// add edge 1-2 (or B-C in above figure)
graph.edge[2].src = 1;
graph.edge[2].dest = 2;
graph.edge[2].weight = 3;
// add edge 1-3 (or B-D in above figure)
graph.edge[3].src = 1;
graph.edge[3].dest = 3;
graph.edge[3].weight = 2;
// add edge 1-4 (or B-E in above figure)
graph.edge[4].src = 1;
graph.edge[4].dest = 4;
graph.edge[4].weight = 2;
// add edge 3-2 (or D-C in above figure)
graph.edge[5].src = 3;
graph.edge[5].dest = 2;
graph.edge[5].weight = 5;
// add edge 3-1 (or D-B in above figure)
graph.edge[6].src = 3;
graph.edge[6].dest = 1;
graph.edge[6].weight = 1;
// add edge 4-3 (or E-D in above figure)
graph.edge[7].src = 4;
graph.edge[7].dest = 3;
graph.edge[7].weight = -3;
// Function call
graph.BellmanFord(graph, 0);
}
// This code is contributed by Ryuga
}
// a structure to represent a connected, directed and
// weighted graph
class Edge {
constructor(src, dest, weight) {
this.src = src;
this.dest = dest;
this.weight = weight;
}
}
class Graph {
constructor(V, E) {
this.V = V;
this.E = E;
this.edge = [];
}
}
function createGraph(V, E) {
const graph = new Graph(V, E);
for (let i = 0; i < E; i++) {
graph.edge[i] = new Edge();
}
return graph;
}
function printArr(dist, V) {
console.log("Vertex Distance from Source");
for (let i = 0; i < V; i++) {
console.log(`${i} \t\t ${dist[i]}`);
}
}
function BellmanFord(graph, src) {
const V = graph.V;
const E = graph.E;
const dist = [];
for (let i = 0; i < V; i++) {
dist[i] = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER;
}
dist[src] = 0;
for (let i = 1; i <= V - 1; i++) {
for (let j = 0; j < E; j++) {
const u = graph.edge[j].src;
const v = graph.edge[j].dest;
const weight = graph.edge[j].weight;
if (dist[u] !== Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER && dist[u] + weight < dist[v]) {
dist[v] = dist[u] + weight;
}
}
}
for (let i = 0; i < E; i++) {
const u = graph.edge[i].src;
const v = graph.edge[i].dest;
const weight = graph.edge[i].weight;
if (dist[u] !== Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER && dist[u] + weight < dist[v]) {
console.log("Graph contains negative weight cycle");
return;
}
}
printArr(dist, V);
}
// Driver program to test methods of graph class
// Create a graph given in the above diagram
const V = 5;
const E = 8;
const graph = createGraph(V, E);
graph.edge[0] = new Edge(0, 1, -1);
graph.edge[1] = new Edge(0, 2, 4);
graph.edge[2] = new Edge(1, 2, 3);
graph.edge[3] = new Edge(1, 3, 2);
graph.edge[4] = new Edge(1, 4, 2);
graph.edge[5] = new Edge(3, 2, 5);
graph.edge[6] = new Edge(3, 1, 1);
graph.edge[7] = new Edge(4, 3, -3);
BellmanFord(graph, 0);
Output
Vertex Distance from Source 0 0 1 -1 2 2 3 -2 4 1
Bellman–Ford Algorithm
Imagine you have a map with different cities connected by roads, each road having a certain distance. The Bellman–Ford algorithm is like a guide that helps you find the shortest path from one city to all other cities, even if some roads have negative lengths. It’s like a GPS for computers, useful for figuring out the quickest way to get from one point to another in a network. In this article, we’ll take a closer look at how this algorithm works and why it’s so handy in solving everyday problems.
Table of Content
- Bellman-Ford Algorithm
- The idea behind Bellman Ford Algorithm
- Principle of Relaxation of Edges for Bellman-Ford
- Why Relaxing Edges N-1 times, gives us Single Source Shortest Path?
- Why Does the Reduction of Distance in the N’th Relaxation Indicates the Existence of a Negative Cycle?
- Working of Bellman-Ford Algorithm to Detect the Negative cycle in the graph
- Algorithm to Find Negative Cycle in a Directed Weighted Graph Using Bellman-Ford
- Handling Disconnected Graphs in the Algorithm
- Complexity Analysis of Bellman-Ford Algorithm
- Bellman Ford’s Algorithm Applications
- Drawback of Bellman Ford’s Algorithm
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