Academic Reading Sample Task – Matching Features

The Evolution of Electric Vehicles

The development of electric vehicles (EVs) has been a gradual process, deeply intertwined with advancements in battery technology. While the concept of electric-powered transport dates back to the early 19th century, significant progress has only been made in recent decades. The early models, often seen as novelties, were hindered by the limitations of contemporary battery technology. Early batteries were heavy, expensive, and had limited capacity, which restricted the range and practicality of EVs.

The turning point in the evolution of EVs can be attributed to the invention of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery. This type of battery was first developed in the 1970s and became commercially viable in the 1990s. It offered a much higher energy density compared to earlier battery types, such as lead-acid or nickel-metal hydride batteries. As a result, lithium-ion batteries significantly improved the range and performance of electric vehicles.

By the early 21st century, advancements in battery technology, coupled with growing environmental concerns, spurred renewed interest in EVs. Governments around the world began to implement policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote cleaner transportation alternatives. This led to substantial investments in the research and development of electric vehicles.

One notable example is the Tesla Roadster, launched in 2008. This vehicle was the first highway-legal electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells and demonstrated that EVs could achieve high performance and long-range capabilities. Following its success, several other automakers accelerated their electric vehicle programs, leading to a rapid increase in the variety and availability of EVs.

In the subsequent decade, major technological advancements continued to improve the feasibility of electric vehicles. Innovations such as fast-charging stations, battery recycling programs, and improvements in battery life expectancy have addressed many of the initial barriers to widespread adoption. For instance, the introduction of fast-charging networks has significantly reduced the charging time for EVs, making them more convenient for long-distance travel.

Furthermore, the integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid has enhanced the environmental benefits of electric vehicles. By charging EVs using solar, wind, or hydroelectric power, the overall carbon footprint of electric transportation is minimized. This synergy between clean energy and electric mobility represents a significant step towards a more sustainable future.

Today, electric vehicles are not only seen as environmentally friendly alternatives but also as technologically advanced and economically viable options for consumers. With continuous advancements in battery technology and supportive government policies, the future of electric vehicles looks promising. The transition from traditional internal combustion engines to electric power is not only reshaping the automotive industry but also playing a crucial role in global efforts to combat climate change.

Look at the following items (Questions 7-10) and the list of groups below.

Match each item with the group which first invented or used them. Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 lithium-ion battery
2 Tesla Roadster
3 fast-charging networks
4 integration of renewable energy sources with electric vehicles

List of Groups

A. Early 19th-century inventors
B. The 1970s researchers
C. Tesla, Inc.
D. Governments around the world
E. Renewable energy advocates

Answers:

1 B. The 1970s researchers
2 C. Tesla, Inc.
3 D. Governments around the world
4 E. Renewable energy advocates

Preparing for the IELTS exam is essential for those aiming to study, work, or migrate to English-speaking countries. One of the most effective ways to prepare is by using free IELTS practice tests. These tests help you understand the exam format, types of questions, and time management. In this guide, we provide detailed information on how to access and utilize Free IELTS Practice Test 1 for your 2024 preparation.