Installing PyFirmata Module

Components Required:

An Arduino Board (We will be using Arduino UNO, but other similar boards like Arduino Mini, MEGA, or even Node MCU will also work with suitable declarations in the code) USB cable for Arduino Breadboard Jumper wires LEDs (we will need 4, but you can try with more) 4 resistors of resistance 200-500Ω (any in this range will work) An Arduino board. Computer with Arduino IDE. (Raspberry Pi 4, 3B+, or even 3B will also work)...

Installing PyFirmata Module

You should have Python and pip Installed in your system. Then you can run the following command to install the PyFirmata module in your system....

Upload “StandardFirmata” to Arduino

StandardFirmata is a code that helps Python get access to the Arduino board....

Making the connections

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Write the Python program and Run it

Python from pyfirmata import Arduino from time import sleep    # Connecting to the board board = Arduino('COM8')    # initializing the LEDs led1 = board.get_pin('d:13:o') led2 = board.get_pin('d:12:o') led3 = board.get_pin('d:11:o') led4 = board.get_pin('d:10:o')    # wait for 1s at every count value wait = 1    # initialise all to False (off) val_1 = val_2 = val_3 = val_4 = False    # led4 is the least significant bit and led1 is the most significant bit while True:  # this is an infinite loop which won't end untill the terminal is killed     for ____ in range(2):         for ___ in range(2):             for __ in range(2):                 for _ in range(2):                     sleep(wait)                     # Updating the values and printing them                     led1.write(val_1)                     led2.write(val_2)                     led3.write(val_3)                     led4.write(val_4)                     print(int(val_1), int(val_2), int(val_3), int(val_4))                        val_4 = not val_4                 val_3 = not val_3             val_2 = not val_2         val_1 = not val_1     print("\n\n") C++ // C++ code int led1 = 0; int led2 = 0; int led3 = 0; int led4 = 0;    int counter; int counter2; int counter3; int counter4;    void setup() {     pinMode(13, OUTPUT);     pinMode(12, OUTPUT);     pinMode(11, OUTPUT);     pinMode(10, OUTPUT);     Serial.begin(9600); }    void loop() {     for (counter4 = 0; counter4 < 2; ++counter4) {         for (counter3 = 0; counter3 < 2; ++counter3) {             for (counter2 = 0; counter2 < 2; ++counter2) {                 for (counter = 0; counter < 2; ++counter) {                     delay(1000);                     digitalWrite(13, led4);                     digitalWrite(12, led3);                     digitalWrite(11, led2);                     digitalWrite(10, led1);                     Serial.print(led4);                     Serial.print(led3);                     Serial.print(led2);                     Serial.println(led1);                     led1 = 1 - led1;                 }                 led2 = 1 - led2;             }             led3 = 1 - led3;         }         led4 = 1 - led4;     }     Serial.println(); }...