How Round Ciphers Work
- Given that: Round ciphers work round by round where each round is a set of mathematical procedures. Here’s a simplified breakdown of these steps:
- Substitution: They consist of making a substitution on each byte of the data block with another byte as per the substitution table (S-box). This introduces confusion to the relationship between the key and ciphertext because of the extra step of the procedure.
- Permutation: The position of the byte in the block undergoes distortion by a fixed pattern known as the P-box. This step adds diffusion to the process, ensuring that the impact of individual plaintext bits is distributed across ciphertext.
- Mixing: They are mixed in turn, although one of the mixing can be operations that consist of XORing with a subkey derived from the main key. It also adds one more layer to the data and provides added security to it.
- Key Addition: In this step key combining part of the data block is mixed with the encryption key. This step provides a guarantee that the key plays a major role in the alteration of the plaintext into the ciphertext.
- Repeat: The above-discussed steps are continued for the number of rounds that are calculated by the algorithm. All these rounds employ different subkeys which are generated from the main key for the reason of complexity and security.
What is Round Cipher?
Round ciphers are also known as block ciphers, and they are a classification of encryption algorithms that work systematically, converting the plaintext into ciphertext. These algorithms work on a limited number of bits at a time and subject them to a set of mathematical processes called rounds which are used to bring about the act of encryption. It continually becomes progressively more rigid to attack the data without the correct key, each round is added to the security of the data. These are the operation sequences of a round that include substitution, permutation, key mixing, and input data.
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