Central Nervous System

The brain is present inside the skull and is covered by a membrane known as cranial meninges. Meninges is divided into three parts, the outer layer called the dura mater, the middle layer called the arachnoid, and the inner layer called pia mater. The brain performs various functions like balancing of body, thermoregulation, hearing, vision, voluntary movements, etc. The brain is divided into three parts, that is forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

Also Read: Difference Between Brain and Spinal Cord Meninges

Forebrain

The forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

• ​Cerebrum
  • The cerebrum consists of left and right cerebral hemispheres connected by nerve fibers called the corpus callosum.
  • The outer layer covering the cerebral hemispheres is called the Cerebral cortex or Grey matter.
  • Within the cerebral cortex are motor areas, sensory areas, and large association areas.
  • Beneath the cerebral cortex lies the white matter, consisting of fibers covered with a myelin sheath.

• Thalamus helps in the coordination of sensory and motor signals.
• Hypothalamus controls body temperature, urges for drinking and eating, and secret hypothalamic hormones.

Also Read: Difference Between Cerebellum And Cerebrum

Midbrain

Located between the thalamus/Hypothalamus of the forebrain and the pons of the hindbrain. The four lobes present at the dorsal portion of the midbrain are known as corpora quadrigemina.

Hindbrain

Consists of the pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata.

• Pons connects different regions of the brain through fiber tracts.
• Cerebellum provides space for more neurons through its convoluted surface.
• Medulla oblongata controls cardiovascular reflex, respiration, and gastric secretion.

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata together form the brain stem. The brain stem connects the brain and spinal cord.

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• Solutions of NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination

NCERT Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 18 – Neural Control and Coordination: The neural system controls and coordinates various ​functions, and homeostatic and metabolic activities of all the organs in the body. Neurons​​ are ​the ​functional unit of the neural system. The human nervous system is divided into two parts: The central nervous system (CNS) and the Peripheral nervous system (PNS). You will find neural control and coordination class 11 notes self-study here. Also, see the solutions of NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination.