Encapsulation and Abstraction

1. Separation of concerns

Fundamental design principles that encourage code organization and maintainability include modularity and separation of concerns. Developers can concentrate on particular parts of a system independently by breaking it up into smaller, self-contained modules, making the system simpler to comprehend, test, and alter. Each module must have a clearly defined role that encompasses proper functionality and reduces reliance on other modules. This makes it possible to scale or replace particular components without having an adverse effect on the system as a whole, and it also makes maintenance easier....

2. Encapsulation and Abstraction

Design approaches that support information hiding and minimize complexity include abstraction and encapsulation. Encapsulation includes combining data and behavior into a single object (class, module, etc.), whereas abstraction entails building simplified and logical representations of complex things. and revealing....

3. Loose Coupling and High Cohesion

As we know, Coupling refers to the degree of interdependence between software modules. High coupling means that modules are closely connected and changes in one module may affect other modules. Low coupling means that modules are independent and changes in one module have little impact on other modules. It is of two types:...

4. Scalability and Performance

Building systems that are intended to manage increasing workloads or vast amounts of data requires careful consideration of scalability and performance. System designers should take into account both horizontal scaling (adding more instances or nodes) and vertical scaling (raising the resources of a single node) to accomplish scalability. The workload can also be distributed and system responsiveness increased by using strategies like load balancing, caching, and asynchronous processing. To achieve optimum performance, it’s critical to spot possible bottlenecks early in the design phase and execute the necessary optimizations....

5. Resilience and Fault Tolerance

In order to guarantee system availability and reliability, it is crucial to design fault tolerance and resilience. Techniques like redundancy, replication, and fault detection algorithms are used in this. System downtime can be avoided or minimized by designing systems that can survive component failures and gracefully handle exceptions, hence minimizing the impact of failures. System resilience is further improved by putting backup and recovery procedures in place and conducting careful testing and monitoring....

6. Privacy and Security

In today’s linked world, security and privacy are crucial design issues. Security controls must be incorporated at every stage of the development process by system designers. This includes using methods to safeguard sensitive data and thwart unauthorized access, such as encryption, authentication, and access control systems....

Understanding the Design Principles involved in the System Design of a Transport System

Let us explore the design system of the transport system and see how design principles can be applied that enhance the user experience as discussed above....