First known as RS232, this standard was developed in the 1960s to define electrical signals between a communication device and the computer to which it is connected. Standard bodies revised the standards and the nomenclature changed when EIA merged with TIA. RS232 is the most common name, but EIA/TIA232 is the most recent and accurate. Ultimately, they all follow the same standard to specify the interface between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) using serial binary data transmission....
IP address conservation is the goal of Network Address Translation (NAT). It makes it possible for private IP networks to connect to the Internet using unregistered IP addresses. Before packets are routed to another network, NAT acts as a router, typically connecting two networks, and converts the private (not globally unique) addresses in the internal network into lawful addresses. NAT can be set up to only advertise one address to the outside world for the entire network as part of this functionality. Effectively concealing the entire internal network behind one address, boosts security. NAT is frequently used in contexts with remote access because it provides the combined benefits of security and address conservation....
A router is a network device that sends data packets between computer networks. Let’s understand this with a very common example. Suppose you search for www.xyz.com in your web browser. This is a request sent by your system to an XYZ server to serve that web page. The request is just to stream. Instead of being sent directly to XYZ’s servers, these packets are received through a series of network devices called routers and forwarded to the correct path to reach the destination server....
The switch is a network device that is used to segment the networks into different subnetworks called subnets or LAN segments. It is responsible for filtering and forwarding the packets between LAN segments based on the MAC address....
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a protocol that prevents Layer 2 loops or Bridging loops by computing a tree structure of nodes in a network. It also prevents MAC Flapping (an event that occurs when a switch receives packets on different interfaces with the same source MAC address)...
Cladding is a layer of material with a lower refractive index that covers the core of a fiber optic cable. The core of the fiber optic cable is of a higher refractive index than the cladding around it....
The main purpose of Cisco Packet Tracer is to help students learn the principles of networking with hands-on experience as well as develop Cisco technology specific skills. Since the protocols are implemented in software only methods, this tool cannot replace hardware Routers or Switches. Interestingly, this tool does not only include Cisco products but also many more networking devices....
A switch is a discrete piece of hardware that connects various computers to a single local area network (LAN). In the OSI model, network switches function at layer 2 (Data link layer)....
The Access Control Passwords are generally used to restrict access to a certain network server along with its services for a specified group of users (hosts). The Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) network services provide the framework or platform through which one can set up Access Control over their router or network server along with its services....
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. It works by receiving incoming data packets and forwarding them to the appropriate network based on their destination address. This allows multiple devices to communicate with each other and access the internet using a single connection. In addition to forwarding data packets, routers can also provide network security, manage network traffic, and connect multiple networks together....
Wireless communication takes place over free space over RF (Radio Frequency), where one device (transmitter) sends a signal to another device (receiver). Two devices (transmitter and receiver) must use the same frequency (or channel) to communicate with each other. Radio frequencies can cause interference when many wireless devices communicate at the same time. As the number of devices increases, the interference increases. The following topics describe the concept of wireless principles in CCNA....
The main purpose of the Cisco Packet Tracer is to help students learn the principles of networking with hands-on experience as well as develop Cisco technology-specific skills. Since the protocols are implemented in software-only methods, this tool cannot replace hardware Routers or Switches. Interestingly, this tool does not only include Cisco products but also many more networking devices....
