Solidity – Assignment Operators
Solidity is a high-level, statically-typed programming language for Ethereum smart contracts. Python, JavaScript, and C++ impact it. Solidity has several variable and value assignment operators. Solidity supports the following types of operators:
- Simple Assignment Operator.
- Arithmetic Assignment Operator.
- Bitwise Assignment Operator.
Simple Assignment Operator
The simple assignment operator(=) assigns the value of the right-hand operand to the left-hand operand.
Example:
uint a;
a = 10; // Assigns the value 10 to the variable a.
Below is the Solidity program to implement a simple assignment operator.
Solidity
// Solidity program to implement // simple assignment operator // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; contract AssignmentOperators { function basicAssignment() public pure returns (uint) { uint a; a = 10; // a is now equal to 10 return a; } } |
Output:
Arithmetic Assignment Operators
These operators perform arithmetic operations and then assign the result to the left-hand operand. Solidity supports the following arithmetic assignment operators:
Operator | Denotation | Description |
---|---|---|
Addition Assignment | += | Adds the right-hand operand to the left-hand operand and assigns the result to the left-hand operand. |
Subtraction Assignment | -= | Subtracts the right-hand operand from the left-hand operand and assigns the result to the left-hand operand. |
Multiplication Assignment | *= | Multiplies the right-hand operand by the left-hand operand and assigns the result to the left-hand operand. |
Division Assignment | /= | Divides the left-hand operand by the right-hand operand and assigns the result to the left-hand operand. |
Modulus Assignment | %= | Calculates the modulus (remainder) after dividing the left-hand operand by the right-hand operand and assigns the result to the left-hand operand. |
Example:
uint a = 10;
a += 5; // a = a + 5 => a = 15
a -= 3; // a = a – 3 => a = 12
a *= 2; // a = a * 2 => a = 24
a /= 4; // a = a / 4 => a = 6
a %= 5; // a = a % 5 => a = 1
Note: Solidity does not support increment (++) and decrement (–) operators, which are common in other programming languages.
Below is the Solidity program to implement Arithmetic Assignment Operators:
Solidity
// Solidity program to implement // Arithmetic Assignment Operators // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; contract AssignmentOperators { function arithmeticAssignment() public pure returns (uint, uint, uint, uint, uint) { // Addition assignment (+=) uint a = 5; // a is now equal to 8 (5 + 3) a += 3; // Subtraction assignment (-=) uint b = 10; // b is now equal to 6 (10 - 4) b -= 4; // Multiplication assignment (*=) uint c = 6; // c is now equal to 12 (6 * 2) c *= 2; // Division assignment (/=) uint d = 25; // d is now equal to 5 (25 / 5) d /= 5; // Modulus assignment (%=) uint e = 27; // e is now equal to 7 (27 % 10) e %= 10; return (a, b, c, d, e); } } |
Output:
Bitwise Assignment Operators
These operators perform bitwise operations and then assign the result to the left-hand operand. Solidity supports the following bitwise assignment operators:
Operator | Denotation | Description |
---|---|---|
Bitwise AND Assignment | &= | Performs a bitwise AND operation on the left-hand operand and the right-hand operand and assigns the result to the left-hand operand. |
Bitwise OR Assignment | |= | Performs a bitwise OR operation on the left-hand operand and the right-hand operand and assigns the result to the left-hand operand. |
Bitwise XOR Assignment | ^= | Performs a bitwise XOR operation on the left-hand operand and the right-hand operand and assigns the result to the left-hand operand. |
Left shift Assignment | <<= | Shifts the left-hand operand’s bits to the left by the number of positions specified by the right-hand operand and assigns the result to the left-hand operand. |
Right shift Assignment | >>= | Shifts the left-hand operand’s bits to the right by the number of positions specified by the right-hand operand and assigns the result to the left-hand operand. |
Example:
uint a = 0x0F; // 15 in hexadecimal
a &= 0x3C; // a = a & 0x3C => a = 0x0C (12 in decimal)
a |= 0x30; // a = a | 0x30 => a = 0x3C (60 in decimal)
a ^= 0x12; // a = a ^ 0x12 => a = 0x2E (46 in decimal)
a <<= 2; // a = a << 2 => a = 0xB8 (184 in decimal)
a >>= 1; // a = a >> 1 => a = 0x5C (92 in decimal)
Below is the Solidity program to implement bitwise assignment operators:
Solidity
// Solidity program to implement // bitwise assignment operators // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; contract AssignmentOperators { function bitwiseAssignment() public pure returns (uint, uint, uint, uint, uint) { // Bitwise AND assignment (&=) // 0011 1100 in binary uint a = 0x3C; // 0010 1010 in binary // a is now equal to 0x28 (0010 1000 in binary) a &= 0x2A; // Bitwise OR assignment (|=) // 0011 1100 in binary uint b = 0x3C; // 0010 1010 in binary // b is now equal to 0x3E (0011 1110 in binary) b |= 0x2A; // Bitwise XOR assignment (^=) // 0011 1100 in binary uint c = 0x3C; // 0010 1010 in binary // c is now equal to 0x16 (0001 0110 in binary) c ^= 0x2A; // Left shift assignment (<<=) // 0011 1100 in binary uint d = 0x3C; // Shift left by 2 positions // d is now equal to 0xF0 (1111 0000 in binary) d <<= 2; // Right shift assignment (>>=) // 0011 1100 in binary uint e = 0x3C; // Shift right by 2 positions // e is now equal to 0x0F (0000 1111 in binary) e >>= 2; return (a, b, c, d, e); } } |
Output:
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