rm -rf Command in Linux With Examples
rm command in UNIX stands for remove and by default is used for removing files. It is simple but a powerful command especially when used with options such as -rf which allow it to delete non-empty directories forcefully.
Removing Files in Linux:
The rm command, By default, cannot remove Directories and only works on files.
$ mkdir A $ touch B.txt $ rm B.txt $ rm A
We use mkdir and touch commands to make directories and text files respectively, and ls command to list files in the current working directory.
Removing Multiple Files in Linux:
To remove multiple files at once, we can write file names separated by spaces after the rm command or use a pattern to remove multiple files that fit the pattern.
$ rm a b $ rm *.txt [Pattern]
Removing a Directory in Linux:
To remove a directory, you can use the -r or -R switch, which deletes a directory recursively including its content (subdirectories and files). If it is an empty directory you can also use rmdir command.
$ rm a/ $ rm -R a/
Removing Files with Confirmation Prompt:
To get a confirmation prompt while deleting a file, use the -i option.
$ rm -i a.txt
Removing Directories with Confirmation Prompt:
To get a confirmation prompt while deleting a directory and its sub-directories, use the -R and -i option.
$ rm -Ri A/
Removing File or Directory Forcefully:
To remove a file or directory forcefully, you can use the option -f force a deletion operation without rm prompting you for confirmation. For example, if a file is unwritable, rm will prompt you whether to remove that file or not, to avoid this and simply execute the operation.
$ rm -f a.txt
When you combine the -r and -f flags, it means that you recursively and forcibly remove a directory (and its contents) without prompting for confirmation.
$ rm -rf B
Here, we created a text file and directory and made it read-only by taking its write access using chmod command.
Showing Information While Deletion:
To show more information when deleting a file or directory, use the -v option, this will enable rm command to show what is being done on the standard output.
$ rm -rv *
Is rm -rf Command bulletproof?
rm -rf as powerful as it is, can only bypass read-only access of nested files and not directories. To delete the directory ( B/C ) we need to access it through superuser privileges.
It is not recommended to use this command as a superuser if you are not 100% sure what you are doing as you can delete important files.
The “rm -Rf /” Command:
You should always keep in mind that “rm -rf” is one of the most dangerous commands, that you should never run on a Linux system, especially as a root. The following command will clear everything on your root(/) partition.
$ sudo rm -rf /
There are checks to prevent root deletion but the additional option of –no-preserve-root bypass that failsafe. It’s a meme on the internet that is equivalent to deletion of system32 in your windows os C:\ drive.
$ sudo rm -rf / --no-preserve-root
You should not use the above command in any case whatsoever, for curious folks I did it use the command with –no-preserve-root. And after some deletion of important files and directories, I was left with nothing but hanged up output shown below.
Create Alias for rm Command in Linux:
To permanently use -i option for safety, add an alias in your $HOME/.bashrc file.
alias rm="rm -i"
Source your .bashrc file as shown or open a new terminal for the changes to take effect.
$ source $HOME/.bashrc
Now, whenever you execute rm, it will be invoked with the -i option by default (but using the -f flag will override this setting).
Does rm actually Delete a File?
rm doesn’t actually delete files but rather unlink them (free the memory for further use). To permanently delete the data you can use the shred or dd command.
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