Performing Logarithmic Computations in R Programming – log(), log10(), log1p(), and log2() Functions
log()
function in R Language returns the natural logarithm (base-e logarithm) of the argument passed in the parameter.
Syntax: log(x)
Parameter:
x: Specified value.Returns: It returns the natural logarithm of the specified value, infinity for 0 and NaN for the negative value.
Example 1:
# R program to calculate log value print (log( 1 )) print (log( 30 )) print (log( 0 )) print (log( - 44 )) |
Output:
[1] 0 [1] 3.401197 [1] -Inf [1] NaN Warning message: In log(-44) : NaNs produced
log(x, base = y)
The log(x,base=y)
is an inbuilt function in R which is used to compute the logarithm of the specified value to base y, infinity for 0, and NaN for the negative value.
Syntax: log(x, base = y)
Parameters:
x and base y.Returns: It returns the logarithm of the specified value to base y, infinity for 0, and NaN for the negative value.
Example 2:
# R program to calculate log value print (log( 10 ,base = 10 )) print (log( 16 ,base = 2 )) print (log( 0 ,base = 10 )) print (log( - 44 ,base = 4 )) |
Output:
[1] 1 [1] 4 [1] -Inf [1] NaN Warning message: In print(log(-44, base = 4)) : NaNs produced
log10() Function
The log10()
is an inbuilt function in R which is used to compute the logarithm of the specified value to base 10, infinity for 0, and NaN for the negative value.
Syntax: log10(x)
Parameters:
x: Specified values.Returns: It returns the logarithm of the specified value to base 10,infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.
Example 2:
# R program to calculate log value print (log10( 1 )) print (log10( 10 )) print (log10( 0 )) print (log10( - 44 )) |
Output:
[1] 0 [1] 1 [1] -Inf [1] NaN Warning message: In print(log10(-44)) : NaNs produced
log1p()
The log1p()
is an inbuilt function in R which is used to calculate accurate natural logarithm of 1+x, where x is the specified value and throws infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.
Syntax: log1p(x)
Parameters:
x: Specified values.Returns: It returns the accurate natural logarithm of 1+x, where x is the specified value and throws infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.
Example:
# R program to illustrate # the use of log1p() method # Getting the accurate natural # logarithm of 1 + x, where x is # the specified value and throws # infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value. print (log1p( 1 )) print (log1p( 10 )) print (log1p( 0 )) print (log1p( - 44 )) |
Output:
[1] 0.6931472 [1] 2.397895 [1] 0 [1] NaN Warning message: In log1p(-44) : NaNs produced
log2()
The log2()
is an inbuilt function in R which is used to calculate the logarithm of x to base 2, where x is the specified value or throws infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.
Syntax: log2(x)
Parameters:
x: Specified values.Returns: It returns the logarithm of x to base 2, where x is the specified value or throws infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.
Example:
# R program to illustrate # the use of log2() method # Getting the logarithm of x # to base 2, where x is the # specified value or throws # infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value. print (log2( 1 )) print (log2( 2 )) print (log2( 0 )) print (log2( - 44 )) |
Output:
[1] 0 [1] 1 [1] -Inf [1] NaN Warning message: In print(log2(-44)) : NaNs produced
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