Introduction to Circular Queue
What is a Circular Queue?
A Circular Queue is an extended version of a normal queue where the last element of the queue is connected to the first element of the queue forming a circle.
The operations are performed based on FIFO (First In First Out) principle. It is also called ‘Ring Buffer’.
In a normal Queue, we can insert elements until queue becomes full. But once queue becomes full, we can not insert the next element even if there is a space in front of queue.
Operations on Circular Queue:
- Front: Get the front item from the queue.
- Rear: Get the last item from the queue.
- enQueue(value) This function is used to insert an element into the circular queue. In a circular queue, the new element is always inserted at the rear position.
- Check whether the queue is full – [i.e., the rear end is in just before the front end in a circular manner].
- If it is full then display Queue is full.
- If the queue is not full then, insert an element at the end of the queue.
- deQueue() This function is used to delete an element from the circular queue. In a circular queue, the element is always deleted from the front position.
- Check whether the queue is Empty.
- If it is empty then display Queue is empty.
- If the queue is not empty, then get the last element and remove it from the queue.
Illustration of Circular Queue Operations:
Follow the below image for a better understanding of the enqueue and dequeue operations.
Working of Circular queue operations
How to Implement a Circular Queue?
A circular queue can be implemented using two data structures:
Here we have shown the implementation of a circular queue using an array data structure.
Implement Circular Queue using Array:
- Initialize an array queue of size n, where n is the maximum number of elements that the queue can hold.
- Initialize two variables front and rear to -1.
- Enqueue: To enqueue an element x into the queue, do the following:
- Increment rear by 1.
- If rear is equal to n, set rear to 0.
- If front is -1, set front to 0.
- Set queue[rear] to x.
- Increment rear by 1.
- Dequeue: To dequeue an element from the queue, do the following:
- Check if the queue is empty by checking if front is -1.
- If it is, return an error message indicating that the queue is empty.
- Set x to queue[front].
- If front is equal to rear, set front and rear to -1.
- Otherwise, increment front by 1 and if front is equal to n, set front to 0.
- Return x.
- Check if the queue is empty by checking if front is -1.
Below is the implementation of the above idea:
C++
// C or C++ program for insertion and // deletion in Circular Queue #include<bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; class Queue { // Initialize front and rear int rear, front; // Circular Queue int size; int *arr; public : Queue( int s) { front = rear = -1; size = s; arr = new int [s]; } void enQueue( int value); int deQueue(); void displayQueue(); }; /* Function to create Circular queue */ void Queue::enQueue( int value) { if ((front == 0 && rear == size-1) || ((rear+1) % size == front)) { printf ( "\nQueue is Full" ); return ; } else if (front == -1) /* Insert First Element */ { front = rear = 0; arr[rear] = value; } else if (rear == size-1 && front != 0) { rear = 0; arr[rear] = value; } else { rear++; arr[rear] = value; } } // Function to delete element from Circular Queue int Queue::deQueue() { if (front == -1) { printf ( "\nQueue is Empty" ); return INT_MIN; } int data = arr[front]; arr[front] = -1; if (front == rear) { front = -1; rear = -1; } else if (front == size-1) front = 0; else front++; return data; } // Function displaying the elements // of Circular Queue void Queue::displayQueue() { if (front == -1) { printf ( "\nQueue is Empty" ); return ; } printf ( "\nElements in Circular Queue are: " ); if (rear >= front) { for ( int i = front; i <= rear; i++) printf ( "%d " ,arr[i]); } else { for ( int i = front; i < size; i++) printf ( "%d " , arr[i]); for ( int i = 0; i <= rear; i++) printf ( "%d " , arr[i]); } } /* Driver of the program */ int main() { Queue q(5); // Inserting elements in Circular Queue q.enQueue(14); q.enQueue(22); q.enQueue(13); q.enQueue(-6); // Display elements present in Circular Queue q.displayQueue(); // Deleting elements from Circular Queue printf ( "\nDeleted value = %d" , q.deQueue()); printf ( "\nDeleted value = %d" , q.deQueue()); q.displayQueue(); q.enQueue(9); q.enQueue(20); q.enQueue(5); q.displayQueue(); q.enQueue(20); return 0; } |
Java
// Java program for insertion and // deletion in Circular Queue import java.util.ArrayList; class CircularQueue{ // Declaring the class variables. private int size, front, rear; // Declaring array list of integer type. private ArrayList<Integer> queue = new ArrayList<Integer>(); // Constructor CircularQueue( int size) { this .size = size; this .front = this .rear = - 1 ; } // Method to insert a new element in the queue. public void enQueue( int data) { // Condition if queue is full. if ((front == 0 && rear == size - 1 ) || (rear == (front - 1 ) % (size - 1 ))) { System.out.print( "Queue is Full" ); } // condition for empty queue. else if (front == - 1 ) { front = 0 ; rear = 0 ; queue.add(rear, data); } else if (rear == size - 1 && front != 0 ) { rear = 0 ; queue.set(rear, data); } else { rear = (rear + 1 ); // Adding a new element if if (front <= rear) { queue.add(rear, data); } // Else updating old value else { queue.set(rear, data); } } } // Function to dequeue an element // form th queue. public int deQueue() { int temp; // Condition for empty queue. if (front == - 1 ) { System.out.print( "Queue is Empty" ); // Return -1 in case of empty queue return - 1 ; } temp = queue.get(front); // Condition for only one element if (front == rear) { front = - 1 ; rear = - 1 ; } else if (front == size - 1 ) { front = 0 ; } else { front = front + 1 ; } // Returns the dequeued element return temp; } // Method to display the elements of queue public void displayQueue() { // Condition for empty queue. if (front == - 1 ) { System.out.print( "Queue is Empty" ); return ; } // If rear has not crossed the max size // or queue rear is still greater then // front. System.out.print( "Elements in the " + "circular queue are: " ); if (rear >= front) { // Loop to print elements from // front to rear. for ( int i = front; i <= rear; i++) { System.out.print(queue.get(i)); System.out.print( " " ); } System.out.println(); } // If rear crossed the max index and // indexing has started in loop else { // Loop for printing elements from // front to max size or last index for ( int i = front; i < size; i++) { System.out.print(queue.get(i)); System.out.print( " " ); } // Loop for printing elements from // 0th index till rear position for ( int i = 0 ; i <= rear; i++) { System.out.print(queue.get(i)); System.out.print( " " ); } System.out.println(); } } // Driver code public static void main(String[] args) { // Initialising new object of // CircularQueue class. CircularQueue q = new CircularQueue( 5 ); q.enQueue( 14 ); q.enQueue( 22 ); q.enQueue( 13 ); q.enQueue(- 6 ); q.displayQueue(); int x = q.deQueue(); // Checking for empty queue. if (x != - 1 ) { System.out.print( "Deleted value = " ); System.out.println(x); } x = q.deQueue(); // Checking for empty queue. if (x != - 1 ) { System.out.print( "Deleted value = " ); System.out.println(x); } q.displayQueue(); q.enQueue( 9 ); q.enQueue( 20 ); q.enQueue( 5 ); q.displayQueue(); q.enQueue( 20 ); } } // This code is contributed by Amit Mangal. |
C#
// C# program for insertion and // deletion in Circular Queue using System; using System.Collections.Generic; public class CircularQueue{ // Declaring the class variables. private int size, front, rear; // Declaring array list of integer type. private List< int > queue = new List< int >(); // Constructor CircularQueue( int size) { this .size = size; this .front = this .rear = -1; } // Method to insert a new element in the queue. public void enQueue( int data) { // Condition if queue is full. if ((front == 0 && rear == size - 1) || (rear == (front - 1) % (size - 1))) { Console.Write( "Queue is Full" ); } // condition for empty queue. else if (front == -1) { front = 0; rear = 0; queue.Add(data); } else if (rear == size - 1 && front != 0) { rear = 0; queue[rear]=data; } else { rear = (rear + 1); // Adding a new element if if (front <= rear) { queue.Add(data); } // Else updating old value else { queue[rear]=data; } } } // Function to dequeue an element // form th queue. public int deQueue() { int temp; // Condition for empty queue. if (front == -1) { Console.Write( "Queue is Empty" ); // Return -1 in case of empty queue return -1; } temp = queue[front]; // Condition for only one element if (front == rear) { front = -1; rear = -1; } else if (front == size - 1) { front = 0; } else { front = front + 1; } // Returns the dequeued element return temp; } // Method to display the elements of queue public void displayQueue() { // Condition for empty queue. if (front == -1) { Console.Write( "Queue is Empty" ); return ; } // If rear has not crossed the max size // or queue rear is still greater then // front. Console.Write( "Elements in the circular queue are: " ); if (rear >= front) { // Loop to print elements from // front to rear. for ( int i = front; i <= rear; i++) { Console.Write(queue[i]); Console.Write( " " ); } Console.Write( "\n" ); } // If rear crossed the max index and // indexing has started in loop else { // Loop for printing elements from // front to max size or last index for ( int i = front; i < size; i++) { Console.Write(queue[i]); Console.Write( " " ); } // Loop for printing elements from // 0th index till rear position for ( int i = 0; i <= rear; i++) { Console.Write(queue[i]); Console.Write( " " ); } Console.Write( "\n" ); } } // Driver code static public void Main (){ // Initialising new object of // CircularQueue class. CircularQueue q = new CircularQueue(5); q.enQueue(14); q.enQueue(22); q.enQueue(13); q.enQueue(-6); q.displayQueue(); int x = q.deQueue(); // Checking for empty queue. if (x != -1) { Console.Write( "Deleted value = " ); Console.Write(x+ "\n" ); } x = q.deQueue(); // Checking for empty queue. if (x != -1) { Console.Write( "Deleted value = " ); Console.Write(x+ "\n" ); } q.displayQueue(); q.enQueue(9); q.enQueue(20); q.enQueue(5); q.displayQueue(); q.enQueue(20); } } // This code is contributed by shruti456rawal |
Python 3
class CircularQueue(): # constructor def __init__( self , size): # initializing the class self .size = size # initializing queue with none self .queue = [ None for i in range (size)] self .front = self .rear = - 1 def enqueue( self , data): # condition if queue is full if (( self .rear + 1 ) % self .size = = self .front): print ( " Queue is Full\n" ) # condition for empty queue elif ( self .front = = - 1 ): self .front = 0 self .rear = 0 self .queue[ self .rear] = data else : # next position of rear self .rear = ( self .rear + 1 ) % self .size self .queue[ self .rear] = data def dequeue( self ): if ( self .front = = - 1 ): # condition for empty queue print ( "Queue is Empty\n" ) # condition for only one element elif ( self .front = = self .rear): temp = self .queue[ self .front] self .front = - 1 self .rear = - 1 return temp else : temp = self .queue[ self .front] self .front = ( self .front + 1 ) % self .size return temp def display( self ): # condition for empty queue if ( self .front = = - 1 ): print ( "Queue is Empty" ) elif ( self .rear > = self .front): print ( "Elements in the circular queue are:" , end = " " ) for i in range ( self .front, self .rear + 1 ): print ( self .queue[i], end = " " ) print () else : print ( "Elements in Circular Queue are:" , end = " " ) for i in range ( self .front, self .size): print ( self .queue[i], end = " " ) for i in range ( 0 , self .rear + 1 ): print ( self .queue[i], end = " " ) print () if (( self .rear + 1 ) % self .size = = self .front): print ( "Queue is Full" ) # Driver Code ob = CircularQueue( 5 ) ob.enqueue( 14 ) ob.enqueue( 22 ) ob.enqueue( 13 ) ob.enqueue( - 6 ) ob.display() print ( "Deleted value = " , ob.dequeue()) print ( "Deleted value = " , ob.dequeue()) ob.display() ob.enqueue( 9 ) ob.enqueue( 20 ) ob.enqueue( 5 ) ob.display() # This code is contributed by AshwinGoel |
Javascript
// JS program for insertion and // deletion in Circular Queue class Queue { constructor() { this .rear = -1; this .front = -1; this .size = 5; this .arr = new Array(); } enQueue(value) { if (( this .front == 0 && this .rear == this .size - 1) || ( this .rear == ( this .front - 1) % ( this .size - 1))) { console.log( "Queue is Full" ); return ; } else if ( this .front == -1) /* Insert First Element */ { this .front = this .rear = 0; this .arr[ this .rear] = value; } else if ( this .rear == this .size - 1 && this .front != 0) { this .rear = 0; this .arr[ this .rear] = value; } else { this .rear++; this .arr[ this .rear] = value; } } deQueue() { if ( this .front == -1) { console.log( "Queue is Empty" ); return INT_MIN; } let data = this .arr[ this .front]; this .arr[ this .front] = -1; if ( this .front == this .rear) { this .front = -1; this .rear = -1; } else if ( this .front == this .size - 1) this .front = 0; else this .front++; // console.log("Data: ",data); return data; } displayQueue() { if ( this .front == -1) { console.log( "Queue is Empty" ); return ; } console.log( "\nElements in Circular Queue are: " ); if ( this .rear >= this .front) { for (let i = this .front; i <= this .rear; i++) console.log( this .arr[i]); } else { for (let i = this .front; i < this .size; i++) console.log( this .arr[i]); for (let i = 0; i <= this .rear; i++) console.log( this .arr[i]); } } } /* Driver of the program */ let q = new Queue; // Inserting elements in Circular Queue q.enQueue(14); q.enQueue(22); q.enQueue(13); q.enQueue(-6); // Display elements present in Circular Queue q.displayQueue(); // Deleting elements from Circular Queue console.log( "Deleted value = " , q.deQueue()); console.log( "Deleted value = " , q.deQueue()); q.displayQueue(); q.enQueue(9); q.enQueue(20); q.enQueue(5); q.displayQueue(); q.enQueue(20); // This code is contributed by ishankhandelwals. |
Elements in Circular Queue are: 14 22 13 -6 Deleted value = 14 Deleted value = 22 Elements in Circular Queue are: 13 -6 Elements in Circular Queue are: 13 -6 9 20 5 Queue is Full
Complexity Analysis of Circular Queue Operations:
- Time Complexity:
- Enqueue: O(1) because no loop is involved for a single enqueue.
- Dequeue: O(1) because no loop is involved for one dequeue operation.
- Auxiliary Space: O(N) as the queue is of size N.
Applications of Circular Queue:
- Memory Management: The unused memory locations in the case of ordinary queues can be utilized in circular queues.
- Traffic system: In computer controlled traffic system, circular queues are used to switch on the traffic lights one by one repeatedly as per the time set.
- CPU Scheduling: Operating systems often maintain a queue of processes that are ready to execute or that are waiting for a particular event to occur.
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