Chapter 6 The Virashaiva Tradition in Karnataka| Class 12 History Notes

Karnataka is a land rich in cultural and religious diversity. Among its many spiritual traditions, one is the Virashaiva tradition. It stands out for its unique practices and beliefs. It originated in the 12th century and has played a big role in shaping the region’s religious landscape.

In this article, you will get detailed notes on The Virashaiva Tradition in Karnataka from Chapter 6 of your Class 12 History textbook.

In the twelfth century, a new movement emerged in Karnataka under the leadership of Basavanna, a Brahmana who served as a minister in the court of a Kalachuri ruler. His followers, known as Virashaivas or Lingayats, worshipped Shiva in his linga manifestation.

Lingayats remain a significant community in the region today. They express their devotion to Shiva by wearing a small linga in a silver case over their left shoulder. The jangama, or wandering monks, hold particular reverence among them. Lingayats believe in the ultimate union with Shiva after death, rejecting the notion of reincarnation. Consequently, they eschew traditional funerary rites like cremation and instead ceremonially bury their deceased.

Challenging the caste hierarchy and Brahmanical notions of purity, Lingayats attracted followers from marginalized social groups. They also questioned the concept of rebirth and promoted practices condemned in the Dharmashastras, such as post-puberty marriage and widow remarriage. Our understanding of the Virashaiva tradition is primarily drawn from vachanas, or sayings, composed in Kannada by adherents of the movement.

• Devotees of Virashaiva Tradition wear a Linga in lockets as a constant reminder of their devotion to Shiva.
• The tradition values a personal, direct relationship with the divine, beyond ritualistic practices.
• It advocating for equality and challenges traditional societal structures.
• Followers lead a life of simplicity, focusing on spiritual growth over material pursuits.
• Rituals and ceremonies are minimized, with a greater emphasis on inner purity and personal devotion.
• Ethical living and kindness towards others form the cornerstone of their daily practices.
• Achieving unity with Shiva through devotion is the ultimate goal for adherents.
• Social justice and community service are integral. This reflects their deep-seated faith in action.

• The Virashaiva tradition is known for its progressive social practices.
• It challenged caste discrimination and the rigid social hierarchy of the time.
• Followers advocate for the dignity of all human beings, regardless of caste or social status.
• The tradition supports the marriage and remarriage of widows, promoting gender equality.

• Unlike many Hindu traditions, Lingayats bury their dead instead of cremating them. This practice emphasizes their belief in the body returning to the earth.
• The Virashaiva community practices simple living, focusing on inner purity and devotion.
• Young followers undergo a initiation ceremony, marking their commitment to the path.

• The Virashaiva movement contributed to the Kannada literature through Vachana Sahitya, a rich corpus of devotional poetry.
• It played a major role in promoting social reform. It challenged established norms, and advocated for a more equitable society.
• It promoted gender equality by supporting the remarriage of widows.
• The tradition emphasized community service, improving social welfare.

• Today, the Virashaiva tradition continues to be a significant part of Karnataka’s cultural and religious life.
• It remains a symbol of progressive thought and social reform within the broader Hindu religious landscape.

The Virashaiva tradition in Karnataka is a proof of the region’s rich spiritual heritage. With its unique beliefs, practices, and emphasis on social reforms, it continues to influence the lives of many in Karnataka. It promoted a society where devotion and equality go hand in hand.

What is the Virashaiva tradition?

The Virashaiva tradition is a Hindu sect that emerged in Karnataka around the 12th century, focusing on the worship of Shiva as the supreme deity.

Who are Lingayats?

Lingayats are followers of the Virashaiva tradition, known for carrying a small lingam, symbolizing their constant devotion to Shiva.

How do Lingayats differ in their funeral practices?

Unlike many Hindu traditions that practice cremation, Lingayats bury their dead, reflecting their beliefs in simplicity and equality in death.

What are some key beliefs of the Virashaiva tradition?

Key beliefs of the Virashaiva tradition include the worship of Shiva as the ultimate god, carrying a lingam as a symbol of devotion, and the burial of the dead.

Does the Virashaiva tradition support social reforms?

Yes, the Virashaiva tradition challenges orthodox practices and supports social reforms, including gender equality and the remarriage of widows.

How has the Virashaiva tradition impacted Karnataka’s society?

Virashaiva tradition has promoted a culture of devotion, simplicity, and social equality, influencing societal norms and practices in Karnataka.

Are women allowed to remarry in the Virashaiva tradition?

Yes, the Virashaiva tradition supports the remarriage of widows, advocating for women’s rights and gender equality within the community.